The Notion Of A Semantic Field English Language Essay

The Notion Of A Semantic Field English Language Essay The reason for the current section is to examine the thought of a semantic field, action words which structure semantic fields, action words of recognition and real sensation just as figurative utilization of the action words: to see. Semantics is the term which depicts the investigation of significance. It comprises a piece of semantics, also like importance establishes a piece of language. What semantics is keen on, is connection which happens between etymological units, similar to words or sentences, just as the world. It is keen on how sentences which show up in characteristic language show reality and how they identify with people groups mental portrayals of the real world. There are a few sorts of semantics: sober minded semantics, which manages the significance of expressions in setting, sentence semantics, which possesses with the importance of sentences and significance relations between them, lexical semantics, which concerns the significance of words and the significance relations which show up in the jargon of a language. There are additionally two viewpoints: philosophical or phonetic. The principal concerns the sensible properties of language, the idea of formal hypotheses just as the language of rationale. The second possesses with all parts of importance which show up in characteristic dialects, starting from the significance of complex articulations in given settings and separate sounds in syllables. As indicated by Saussurean and post-Saussurean basic semanticists, the importance of any etymological unit is controlled by the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations which hold between that unit and other phonetic units in a language-framework. Lexemes and different units that are semantically related, paradigmatically or syntagmatically, inside a given language can be said to have a place with, or to be individuals from, a similar field; and a field whose components are lexemes, is a lexical field. Thusly, it is a paradigmatically and syntagmatically built vocabularys subset. The most grounded adaptation of field-hypothesis accept that a dialects jargon establishes shut arrangement of lexemes which can be partitioned into a lot of lexical fields that is separated into subsets. Another supposition of field-hypothesis is that shut arrangements of lexemes, which can be open or vague, are both the jargon and every one of the fields in the jargon. Furthermore, the entire jargon is supposed to be a field which comprises of indistinguishable components from the lexical fields.â [1]â The hypothesis of semantic field, which is keen on the investigation of sense, was proposed by various German and Swiss researchers during the 1920s and 1930s, particularly by Ipsen, Jolles, Porzig and Trier, notwithstanding, its roots can be found in nineteenth century. As indicated by Jost Trier, the jargon of a language is an incorporated arrangement of lexemes interrelated in sense; still, the framework is evolving. We can see that lexemes which existed in the past are vanishing now as new lexemes supplant them however we additionally see that the relations of sense which hold between a specific lexeme just as neighboring lexemes in the framework, are changing constantly. Any reaching out of lexemes concerns a relating narrowing of at least one neighbors of them. As per Trier, the way that it plans to list the progressions which occurred in the implications of individual lexemes all in all or independently, rather than looking at changes in the entire structure of the jargon thro ugh time, is one of the most significant disadvantages of customary diachronic semantics. Trier analyzed the structure of one lexical field at once with the structure of a lexical field at some other point. Disregarding the way that they establish diverse lexical fields, as they have a place with various synchronic language-frameworks, they concern the equivalent applied field and that is the reason they are practically identical. Trier guarantees that the part-entire connection between specific lexemes which are deciphered inside the lexical field, is indistinguishable or like the part-entire connection between the lexical fields and the entire jargon. Fields are living real factors halfway between singular words and the totality of the jargon; as parts of an entire they share with words the property of being incorporated in a bigger structure and with the jargon the property of being organized regarding littler units. [2] For case, the lexical field of shading terms includes t he lexemes: dark, white, red, green, yellow, blue, orange and so on and also, the lexical field of colour terms, just as those of kindship terms, military positions, vehicles, among others are just pieces of the entire English jargon. Furthermore, the general lexeme red can be viewed as a lexical field inside which the specific lexemes red, dark red, vermillion can be deciphered. A lexical field is comprised of the arrangement of lexemes in each language-framework which spread the theoretical zone and offers structure to it utilizing the relations of sense among them; and each lexeme will cover some reasonable territory which might be built similarly as a field by another arrangement of lexemes. Consequently, the feeling of a lexeme establishes a theoretical region inside an applied field, and an idea is a calculated territory which is associated with a lexeme. Contrasting two diachronically extraordinary lexical fields, which have a place with the equivalent reasonable field, it tends to be discovered that no progressions can be watched either in the arrangement of lexemes which have a place with the two fields or in sense-relations which show up between them; that one lexeme supplant another, notwithstanding, without changes in the inner structure of the theoretical field, that no adjustments in the arrangement of lexemes can be watched yet an adjustment in the inside structure of the calculated field; that a few lexemes supplanted others and the interior structure of the applied field has changed also; lastly, that a few changes in the inward structure of the calculated field caused that at least one of the lexemes has been included or lost. As per a few pundits, field-hypothesis can be very much grounded distinctly for dynamic words investigation, in any case, there is no proof which underpins this announcement. Triers hypothesis of applied and lexical fields expect that there is an unstructured substance of importance, which underlies the vocabularies everything being equal. Each language explains reality in its own particular manner, in this manner making its own specific perspective on the real world and building up its own one of a kind ideas. Instead of Trier, Porzig presented an idea of semantic fields asserting that there are the relations of sense between sets of lexemes which are joined syntagmatically which brought about a contention which hypothesis was ideal. Porzigs hypothesis was depended on the relationship inside collocations which are comprised of a thing and an action word or a thing and a modifier. These two lexemes in every collocation are associated by a fundamental significance connection. Lexemes contrast by virtue of the opportunity with which they can be blended in collocations with different lexemes. From one viewpoint, there are descriptors as positive or negative which can arrange with pretty much every thing, and, then again, there is a modifier as smelly which can assemble just with butter.â [3]â The hypothesis of semantic fields is associated with immediate or roundabout endeavors of examining the structure of some semantic or lexical fields, for example, the progressive system of military positions, numerals, shading just as kindship terms. Semantic field or semantic space are terms utilized for the terms lexical field or lexical set. As indicated by Crystal, semantic or lexical field is a named territory of significance where lexemes interrelate and characterize each other in explicit manners. For example, the lexical field of relationship terms incorporates the lexemes: father, mother, child, girl, cousin, nephew, uncle, auntie, granddad, grandma, and so on. As indicated by lexical field hypothesis, the jargon of language is fundamentally a dynamic and all around coordinated arrangement of lexemes organized by connections of importance. Precious stone cases that there are three sorts of troubles which can be experience while appointing all the words in English in lexical fields. Right off the bat, a few lexemes can have a place with fields that are loose and hard to characterize. Furthermore, a few lexemes can be doled out to more than one field. For example, orange can be appointed to the field of natural product or to the field of shading, tomato as organic product or vegetable. Another trouble concerns the best arrangement in characterizing a lexical field regarding different fields and its constituent lexemes. These troubles show the way that the English jargon doesn't comprise of discrete fields in which a fitting spot can be found by each lexeme. Nonetheless, a great deal of lexemes can be ordered into fields and sub-fields precise ly.â [4]â Words, which allude to a specific class and which split a semantic field, as a rule are inconsistent. For example, it is difficult to state: This is a red cap and This is a green cap of a similar article. We likewise can't decide a similar creature as a lion and as an elephant. Language frequently shows this contrariness. For instance, in the accompanying sentence: It was on Saturday that she went there, unmistakably she didn't go there on some other day of the week, and in the sentence: Bill punched Mary, plainly he didn't kick or slap her, in spite of the fact that punch, kick and slap have a place with the equivalent semantic field. Be that as it may, there are a few terms which can be depicted as blends, for example, an orange-red cap, or tigon, which is the hybrid of a lion and a tiger. In circumstance in which such terms are presented, various words inside the field increments and the field is split in more prominent detail. Sometimes, which concern the creature names, the qual ification between the terms in the field is clear just as reflected by clear differentiations in experience. In different cases, qualifications are not all that cleared. The things in the f

Medical Ethics4 essays

Clinical Ethics4 expositions Clinical Ethics Bioethics include each conceivable part of human services, clinical, good, social, political, strict, lawful and monetary? (Weiss 3). This incorporates the inquiries raised by new research. It investigates the consequences of that exploration that is utilized on patients. It contemplates contemporary thoughts of individual flexibility and human poise. It manages development in clinical administrations accessible in the United States and the soaring expense. Bioethics additionally manages the clinical advances in innovation that has reshaped customary clinical morals. Clinical morals have changed definitely over a time of years. From old instructions to new charges, rules that give basic system, great tests that challenge that structure, or even how things are characterized in clinical ethics.Medical progress goes on, and the hazards of progress must be paid attention to? (Leone 165). Changing occasions have thusly changed our codes of morals. There are five old rules of morals and five new rules of morals. These charges originate from numerous long periods of intensely exhorted directs from different individuals. A precept by definition is, ... a direct or an emphatically instructed piece regarding counsel? (Halsey 201). The principal customary rule is, Treat all human life as of equivalent worth? (Vocalist 190). This announcement is hard to follow; basically no individual accepts this announcement entire heartedly. The announcement bodes well on paper or simply being heard, however its application in life is practically difficult to guarantee. In contrast with the principal old ethic, the main new ethic states,Recognize that the value of human life differs? (Vocalist 190). This announcement takes into account variety and bearableness in the public arena. It gives route for somebody to state, if an individual is a vegetable, has no crucial capacities, this current individual's life is of no value any longer. Without this kind of progress in the present propelling human advancement, it would make it morally wrong topull ... <!

Compensations and Benefits

Question: Pay designs for the most part incorporate an assortment of advantages. Name the three advantages that would be generally critical to you as a component of your own pay bundle. Why? Answer: The three remuneration designs that would be most useful are: Retirement investment funds After a representative resigns, the customary salary stops. On the off chance that a portion of the remuneration were towards retirement, it would be valuable for the workers (Budhwar, Debrah, 2013). Reward and motivating forces Reward and impetuses go about as inspiration. On the off chance that the representatives will get the acknowledgment for their work, they will work more earnestly (Ulrich, 2013). Medical advantages Great heath will result great contribution at work. When the association will take care of the soundness of the people, the creation pace of the association will likewise increment in like manner. References Budhwar, P. S., Debrah, Y. A. (Eds.). (2013).Human asset the executives in creating nations. Routledge. Ulrich, D. (2013).Human asset champions: The following plan for including esteem and conveying results. Harvard Business Press.

The Gendered Stories of the Odyssey - Literature Essay Samples

In the Homeric world, the very roots of stories were gendered. The Muses, who inspired humans to create story and song, were women, the daughters of Memory. Stories thus have gendered identities from their very inception, and in the Odyssey, the men and women telling them are adhering to the strict gender roles ascribed by ancient Greek culture. Female stories and songs are generally used to seduce, and to otherwise gain control over men by luring them in or by deceiving them. Men tell stories to relate facts, and to reinforce codes of behavior; frequently, male storytelling occurs as part of proper etiquette or ritual. Since the Odyssey itself is of the second type, each of the instances of storytelling are instructive.The Sirens sing to seduce; their song is the entirety of their existence. They are, like the rest of the Greek pantheon, humans on a grander scale. In particular, the Sirens are larger-than-life women, and they amplify the misogyny of the Odyssey to its cleares t incarnation. Their song is a symbol for the power of desire; it strips men of their defenses and self-control, distracting them from their everyday lives and concerns. They sing of some unique knowledge they possess, extending back into antiquity the contemporary more that women have secret information which men must constantly attempt to divine from them. There is pleasure in the attainment of this knowledge ‹ You can have joy in hearing the song of the Sirens, Circe tells Odysseus ‹ but he must physically restrain himself against the irrationality that lust will produce in him (XI.52). In general, storytelling bridges pleasure and pain, and in this instance, the ultimate pleasure of the Sirens song brings the ultimate pain.Not only is the seduction itself more powerful, but the consequences of it are deadly. Circe paints an ugly picture of this for Odysseus, saying that the Sirens sit in their meadow, but the beach before it is piled with boneheaps of men now rotted away, and the skins shrivel upon them (XI.45-46). The Sirens, epitomes of female desirability, are untouchable. Perfection and its achievement are inversely related; Homer seems to be saying that the greater the desire and lust, the smaller the possibility of its attainment. If the Odyssey is a morality tale ascribing self-control and moderation to the perfect man, then the Sirens, through hyperbole, represent the dangers seductresses present.The Sirens are not the only female characters whose song represents their seductive power. When Hermes comes to tell Kalypso the will of Zeus, who has commanded her to release Odysseus, he stands and admires the scene before him. The garden is lovely; the interior of the cave warm and sweet-smelling; in short, all is idealized, including Kalypsos activity. She was singing with a sweet voice as she went up and down the loom with a golden shuttle (V.61-62). Because this passage falls in the midst of others describing a kind of domestic par adise, Kalypso is presented as the ultimate domestic icon, in the same way that the Sirens are the ultimate seductresses. Her power in this area is so absolute, in fact, that Odysseus cannot escape this divine oikos until Zeus himself demands his release. There is also a slight extension of the Sirens seductive power into Calypsos sweet voice. Kalypsos song, as well as her weaving, seem to symbolize her femininity; in the idealized home, these are the activities of its female head-of-household.Circe, too, was singing in a sweet voice as she went up and down a great design on a loom when Odysseuss men came upon her (X.221-222). It is this song which draws them in, since, as Polites says the whole place murmurs to the echo of it (X.227-228). Outside Circes home are lions and wolves, which she has tamed by drugging them, causing them to forget their ferocious natures. As soon as she has drawn the heroes to her with song, Circe serves them a potion which makes them forget their ho mes. For the animals, the drug was enough, but for the humans, it must work in conjunction with the song. Songs, then, are perhaps drugs that work on the intangible essence of humanity, on some element of the consciousness, rather than on the physical bodies and basic needs that humans have in common with animals.Helen, too, drugs her listeners. Her potion is heartsease, free of gall, to make one forget all sorrows (IV.221). Storytelling, which at its best transports its listeners to an alternate world, causing them to forget their own, simultaneously encourages memory of things past. The Muses are, after all, the daughters of Memory, so perhaps it is appropriate that in the ritual of her storytelling, Helen is causing her audience to forget some things and to remember others. Hers is an almost masculine story-type, intended, like the stories of Nestor and Menelaos, to teach Telemachos more about his father. However, she tells it because she experienced it firsthand, and was the only person to see through Odysseuss disguise. When Helen is finished, Menelaos interprets the story into the fully masculine format for Telemachoss instruction.Penelope, too, tells a story. It is initially told before the action of the Odyssey commences, and is present in the text only through retellings. Penelopes story crafted from necessity; she tells it in order to postpone having to choose between the suitors, so as to give Odysseus more time to come home. Like Kalypso, Penelope tells her story while she is weaving. Homer thus sets up a parallel between the two women which illumines their disparity: one divine and one mortal, one holding Odysseus captive and one awaiting his return. The action of weaving gains another symbolic dimension when we consider the idiom weaving a tale. Penelope is rumored to be skilled at weaving ‹ expert in beautiful work ‹ and, if this is considered to represent skill in storytelling, it makes sense that she was able to deceive t he suitors for three years (II.17). Penelopes story is also a lie, which is another predominantly masculine story-type. She tells it, however, precisely because there is no man to tell it for her; it is because Odysseus is gone that she is being courted.Whereas women tell stories to gain power over men, men tell stories to achieve some concrete goal, or as part of a formalized cultural practice. Demodokos is the most accomplished storyteller in Phaiacia, a place renowned for its storytelling. He represents the ideal storyteller from a formal perspective. When he sings, Odysseus says that it is as if you had been there yourself or heard it from one who was (VIII.491-492). Indeed, Odysseus tells him that he prizes him above all mortals beside, elevating him to an almost divine level (VIII.487). Storytelling was among the most valued skills in ancient Greece, and its formal practice was generally constrained to men. Demodokos also sings exclusively of gods and heroes, excluding mortal women. His tales reify the heroic ethic and the Greek patriarchy.Storytelling and singing play another, more specific, role when the deeds being sung of are factual rather than fictional. Telemachos has grown up not knowing his father; he has never had a male role model. When Athena sends him on a journey for news of his father, the information he finds is more useful to fill this gap in his education and personal growth than it is to find his father in a literal sense. During his visits to Nestor and Menelaos, Telemachos hears many stories about his fathers past. Rather than just allowing their listeners to visualize the action, these stories act in the place of actual experience or first-hand knowledge. Even as Telemachos is using these stories to come closer to his father, the other men are using his stories to identify him as Odysseuss son. Nestor says to Telemachos that surely your words are like his words, nor would anyone ever have thought that a younger man cou ld speak so like him (III.124-125) Here, stories are being used to reinforce a weak point in the patriarchal lineage so important to the heroic tales.If Demodokos exemplifies storytelling as a formal performance art, then Odysseus is its ideal practitioner among non-professionals. For him, storytelling and singing are practical skills which he employs to smooth his journey and to conform with good etiquette. As one of the legendary Greek heroes, and a man renowned for his skill in discourse, Odysseus is a talented storyteller and singer. Alkinà ¶os, the king of Phaiacia, compliments him, saying:Odysseus, we as we look upon you do not imagine that you are a deceptive or thievish man, the sort that the black earth breeds in great numbers, people who wander widely, making up lying stories, from which no one could learn anything. You have a grace upon your words, and there is sound sense within them, and expertly, as a singer would do, you have told the story (XI.363-368).The iro ny of this is that at times in his travels, Odysseus chooses to tell lies. They are often the most pragmatic and polite option. When he would like a mantle to sleep under, Odysseus simply tells a pointed ‹ if fictional ‹ tale, and at its conclusion, one is promised him. Athena, who favors Odysseus, often helps him to lie, or disguises him so that his lies will be convincing, as when he returns to Ithaca claiming to be an old man. Lying well is an extremely useful talent, since, while traveling, Odysseus is often asked to identify himself through story, since, apart from memory and legend, there were no other available sources of information about a stranger. Men in the Odyssey generally use singing and storytelling for entertainment, information or crafty purposes ­ namely spying or disguise.Homer is himself one of the male storytellers he describes in the Odyssey. If Odysseus can distort the truth to gain what he wants, whether it be a mantle to sleep under or immort alization in song, Homer, too, can lie. As the most famous of the Greek epic poets whose works we have today, he is, in some ways, Demodokos ‹ the foremost storyteller of a culture renowned for its poetry. The distinction he makes between male and female storytelling may be entirely consistent with ancient Greek culture, or it may be a fiction all Homers own, which he made for purposes unknown to us. Aristophaness Lysistrata, for one, paints an entirely different picture of the role of women. The idea of gendered storytelling, whether bias, fact, or some gray area between the two, is nonetheless an important facet of the Odyssey.

Process Work - 3472 Words

––PGCE International - Process work record form Module 1: Contexts: Unit 1: Purposes of the school curriculum |Unit 1 Activity 1: Changing curriculum principles | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | |Unit 1 Activity 2: The hidden curriculum | |I have made appropriate entries in my commonplace book |√ | | Unit 1 Activity 3: Ivan Illich†¦show more content†¦| |John white in his published work is also of opinion that money managing skills be taught children. Trilling and hood ( Hood) (2001) | |suggest that we are moving from the industrial age to the knowledge age where knowledge becomes manpower. As the world is growing and | |economic policies changing, I agree that children be taught how to spend and save but any attitude attached to spending is somewhat | |related to the level of income and needs of the individual which is very dynamic. On the other hand, a general principle on spending can | |be taught to guide children as they grow to fit into a larger society. Inculcating values like kindness, trust is also relevant as this | |are values that promote integrity and efficiency in the way things are done in the society. | |Personal fulfilment however is a broader term to consider. It is encouraged that children learn to discover and live their dreams, but to| |what extent can we measure one’s fulfilment, and how relevant is an individual’s fulfilment ( fulfilment?) to the needs of the society? | |The school curriculum is a reflection of the needs of the society, therefore knowledge to be inculcated in schools should be aimed at | |achieving societalShow MoreRelatedMy Writing Process Works For Me970 Words   |  4 Pagessemester of W131 has given me the chance to become more familiar with my strengths and weaknesses in my writing process. 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Alcohol Abuse Should Not Be Confused With Alcoholism Or...

Alcohol abuse should not be confused with alcoholism or alcohol dependence. It is important to note the difference between the three. It is predicted that alcohol abuse affects individual physically, emotionally, and psychologically. Although some psychological, physical and economical effects may occur with both, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence (alcoholism) for the purpose of this paper the alcohol abuse is the main focus. Introduction Alcohol abuse is a serious disease that impacts individual psychologically, physically and economically. In order to better understand alcoholism, it is important to be able to see the difference between alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence. According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV), alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence were defined as two distinct disorders with specific criteria for each (APA, 2013). In May, 2013, the 5th edition of DSM (DSM-V) integrated alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into one disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD). Diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV defined alcohol abuse as anyone meeting one or more criteria within a 12 –month period. The alcohol dependence criteria for DSM-IV identified dependence as anyone meeting three or more criteria during the 12-month period (APA, 2013). However, in DSM-V, anyone who meets any two of the 11 criteria will be diagnosed with AUD (2013). The severity of AUD could be severe, moderate, and mild. The severity is based onShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The United States Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagessuffer from alcohol addiction was very heart breaking. I remember one story about this man losing his son to car accident. The only way he dealt with the pain of losing his son was to drink. He stated ever night he drunk him self-asleep. 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Explanation on Ethical Dilemma

Question: Give your explanation on ethical dilemma? Answer: Ethical dilemma conceptually revolves round a sort of uncertainty of choices for a specific organisation or society within given ethical frame. Subjects may thus choose one of the 2 alternatives -- things ethically incorrect or correct. A review of APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct illustrates ethical concerns specific to the practice of psychotherapy and their research. They comprise 10 different standards covering a broader wavelength of aspects surrounding research and actions vis-a-vis maintaining ethical standards. In the given situation one may find some potential ethical dilemmas in conducting the research study. In a given situation where 3 psychotherapists involved in private practice along with several such practitioners plan for a of research putting the children and their parents into an experiment and find the output, one may find some ethical dilemma. One major such dilemma would be to convince and involve the children in the test. Second will be to involve the parents and their family in the same test. Third dilemma would be to randomly assign some to the experiments and keep others out. Also another dilemma in conducting research would be to keep some in waitlist. This is also to dwell on activities designed to treat and manage symptoms of ADHD for the children, the parents, and the family as a whole based in cognitive-behavioral and family systems theory and interventions where medications are not involved. These are clearly perceived by Nagy (2011) across the 10 standards discussed capturing different aspects of ethical standard in conducting research. References: 1. Nagy, T. F. (2011). Essential Ethics for Psychologists: A Primer for Understanding and Mastering Core Issues, American Psychological Association, https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12345-001 2. Aldenkamp, A., Arzimanoglou, A., Reijs (2006). Optimizing Therapy of Seizures in Children and Adolescents with ADHD. Nerology,67: 49-51.